Common Criminal Tendencies - 1558 Words

Criminal Psychology Looking at our society in past years until today, we hear about kidnaping, rape and murder. All these are horrible things that are going on in our world today. We’ve tried to decrease these crimes in our society reaching out to the people and attempting to change human behavior. Murder is one of the biggest why questions; why did he kill her or why attack innocent children. We never know what is the problem; is it revenge, is it jealousy, are they psychopaths? Criminal Tendencies consist on three main topics, emotions, control, mental illness; of the three mental illness is most potent. Mental illness isnt only based on your brain, is more than that, is the way our brain send signals to our bodies. Our brain is the main power source of our actions and thoughts, its good but deadly if someone doesnt have the right medication or treatment. Its like going to school without having any of your materials, you cant get things done. The brain is a challenge to us humans, many people have problems with illusions or Dissociative Identity Disorder or maybe even psychopathic or sociopathic illness. These are all based on the brain and the signals the brain sends out through our body. In a sociopaths case they have no feelings towards other people which crimes is really critical. Since they have no feelings towards others they may feel like what theyre doing, like torture or rape can simply seem normal. In a way psychopaths are the sameShow MoreRelatedCrime and Intelligence Essay examples1579 Words   |  7 Pagescommitting a crime and if lack of intelligence increases criminal behavior throughout a person’s life.† Some believe that IQ is a more important variable than race, social or economical class in foretelling criminal behavior. The theory of crime being linked to a person’s intelligence says that if IQ does not affect the probability of crime, it can have a chain reaction. Academic incompetence as a child is the stressor for many adult criminals; children with low IQs tend to have difficulties in schoolRead MoreMurder Is The Most In humane Thing938 Words   |  4 Pageshorrendous terrorist attacks on America, the Oklahoma State bombing. While these three serial killers had different methods for their acts, the one thing they have in common is that they are killers. Perhaps to not the same extent, but sadly enough the world is full of Charles Manson s and Ted Bundy s. Violence has become a common and prevalent occurrence in society today. Every day on the news one hears stories of crimes-murder, robbery, rape, assault, extortion, kidnapping, homicide, an endlessRead MoreThe Theories Of Criminal Behavior893 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal behavior can be defined as any type of disruptive behavior or antisocial behavior that violates a law and is punishable by society. 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In other words, if the benefits--monetary or otherwise--outweigh the risks of sustaining the costs, suchRead MoreThe Theories Believe Biological Or Genetic Risk Factors1554 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Biosocial theories believe biological or genetic risk factors along with their environment impact an individual’s predisposition to engage in criminal behavior throughout their life. The biological risk factors tied with their environment can also impact an individual’s predilection to develop antisocial behavior or tendencies, violent or aggressive behavior, impulsivity, lack of social responsibility and their ability to learn complex behavior patterns. Several empirical studies regardingRead MoreThe Canadian Criminal Justice System1370 Words   |  6 Pageshave had common beginnings in the millennia past, the course of human history prevents all races from reverting back to that common kind. It is further believed that the racism that subsists in today’s society does not exist in the same manner within Canada. While Canada is an egalitarian society, a close examination would suggest that the blunt historical and social truths of racism that are often smugly denied exist very much in Canadian society and have seeped into the Canadian criminal justiceRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior1333 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal behavior has been a difficult term to define over the years due to the many variables that must be taken into account in order to present an accurate definition. However, the definition provided by Bartol is as follows, â€Å"Behavior in violation of the criminal code that is intentional and without justification or excuse† (Bartol, 2014). A vital variable that is represented in criminal behavior is crime. The fundamental purpose of theory is to explain things that can be observed. When discussingRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice : The Criminal Justice System And Crime Prevention1196 Words   |  5 Pagesto the criminal justice system and crime prevention. Using extreme capacitation (Deterrence) can be an effective punishment for many in our society, however, there will still be a small portion of our society that will still commit crimes. The majority of the society would use good-ole common sense (Rational Choice) and not commit crimes in the first place. DISCUSSION: Deterrence and Rational Choice are two theories that our criminal justice system has been in place to prevent criminals from committingRead MoreThe Laws Of Evidence From The Criminal Court863 Words   |  4 Pagesevidence became applicable to our modern society. The use of evidence was deeply established during the creation of the American colonies. In comparison to many developed countries at the time, the common law was embraced to implement a set of guidelines to punish any wrongful acts and/or to ultimately deter criminal behavior in society. Ideally, the utilization of evidence was used and is still used to corroborate whether an individual is guilty or innocent in the court of law. The application of evidenceRead MorePolice Corruption : How Bad Is It And How Does It Affect Our Perception Of The United States Legal784 Words   |  4 Pagescorruption refer to a wide range of different procedural, criminal, and civil violations. Officer misconduct is the broadest category, it is procedural when misconduct refers to officers who violate their police departments rules and/or regulations; it is criminal when misconduct refers to officers who violate state and/or federal laws; it is unconstitutional when misconduct refers to officers who violate a citizen s civil rights. The most common forms of officer misconduct are the excessive use of

Making corporate boards more effective Free Essays

Krishna Pale, Guan Submarines and Walter Salmon. Synopsis Presented by: Brent Lengthener, Chairman and CEO of Lengthener Associates, Board Member of TAP Oil Gas and Merit. Participants: Board members from various organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Making corporate boards more effective or any similar topic only for you Order Now Half of the group was made up of international representatives with a strong contingent from Africa, Australia, the I-J and other destinations. This proved to be very interesting in that their insights were from a different perspective throughout. Preface: This is Part 2 of my notes and subsequent research performed from the week I spent with Jay Lowers and a handful of Harvard Business School faculty members discussing board effectiveness. I am trying to share this information to the best of my abilities so that others can gain additional insights for the companies they lead. Note, these are my notes but I do not necessarily agree with all of the comments and/or insights shared. Also note that these professors are all pro- business and serve on boards as well. In Part 1, we ended with Case Study 7-Bank of America and Merrill Lynch Case Study 8: Hewlett-Packard Company: The War Within This was a continuation of Case Studies 5 and 6. In September 2006, Haps Board of Directors was in despair. The acquisition of Compact (Case Study 5) had taken a toll. Board members were leaking confidential information and felony counts ensued. All of this marred what seemed to be a great turnaround for HP under Mark Hurt. Key Questions Included: 1. How and why did HP get into this situation? 2. What could have been done to prevent this? 3. How do we prevent this from happening to our boards? Key Takeaways on Board Dysfunction Mistrust Poor Communication No true team; too many â€Å"lone rangers† No consensus on strategy No boundaries between board oversight and management execution Putting personal agenda’s first Independence. Integrity. Innovation. 2 Key Questions Included: 1 . Was Cancan Justified in attacking Target? 2. Who would you side with? Cancan or Target? Why? 3. Could Target’s board have done anything differently to avoid the public conflict this created? 4. If Target can be attacked, then what are the implications for other boards, corporate governance, proxy access and more regulatory oversight? Key takeaways: Economic downturns create more stress, especially with investors. Rational thinking an quickly go out the door. Presently, think about anyone operating in the Gulf of Mexico and how the stress has increased. Target is one retail outlet that does not fear Wall-Mart. They have their own strategy and are very successful. They have no desire to be a copycat. They are proud of who they are. The board is constantly â€Å"revamping† itself and is considered excellent in governance. Even with all it had going for it, they still came under attack. Everyone is vulnerable- especially today with the new changes. The nominating process will become much more important going forward. Being prepared is ALWAYS key. Additional Discussions: The day is coming when re-nominating boards will be very important. Investor Relations may want to aggressively share what board members are doing, press releases, website, etc, like they do with management. Companies should reach out to large and influential shareholders from time-time. Conference calls and shareholder meetings may need to be â€Å"rethought† so as to get more interaction. Make sure the board you have works well as a team. When crisis hits, they need to see themselves as a team versus individuals. Case Study 1 1: FL-CIO Office of Investment and Home Depot On January 3, 2007, Home Depot fired Robert Narrated, its CEO and Chairman, following controversy over his compensation package. Marinade’s departure was partly the result of the focused efforts of the FL-Coo’s Office of Investment. The office had executed a website and le d an aggressive campaign focused on his pay. Narrated made $240 million in 6 years, but the stock had simply gone down; even with a 19% buy back. Home Depot’s number one competition (Low’s) was beating them at every turn, including watching its market cap go from $16 billion to $47 billion. Key Questions: 1 . How can a company deal with a focused effort like this? 2. How did Marinade’s compensation impact Home Depot? Key Takeaways: There can be a wide variety of different shareholder groups, all varying and all with different, and maybe opposing, agendas. It is important to think out compensation plans from beginning to end; not only the costs, but the reasoning, the optics, and the story. Make sure you proactively tell the â€Å"true story’ regarding compensation versus letting someone else do it for you. Their perception can become other peoples’ reality. Error as much as possible with performance based compensation versus fixed remunerates. Keep plans understandable and simple. For more good information on excellent pay practices, go to Case Study 4 (in Part 1) about Recruit Benchers PAL. Case Study 12: The Board of Directors at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter On June 13, 2005, Phillip announced that he would retire as Chairman and CEO at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter as soon as a successor was found. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter had been performing poorly and was losing its key talent. His resignation raised two main problems for the board: 1 how to go about finding a new CEO; and 2. How to determine the future direction of the firm. 6 Key Questions: 1 . What is your assessment of how the board handled the situation? 2. How do you explain their decision? Terrible practices were in place and the company had become â€Å"institutionalized† Board became infatuated with a strong CEO personality or lost focus A possible successor being g uaranteed the â€Å"CEO role† in five years is a terrible practice The board sacrificed the vision and mission of the company for friendship and interlocks Most did not understand the business, especially the huge difference between Morgan Stanley and Dean Witter To remove the CEO, 75% of the board had to agree, which was virtually impossible The way they allowed the CEO to dictate any would-be successor cut them off from some great candidates Case Study 13: Citreous-Wichita-Wells Fargo On October 3, 2008, the CEO of Citreous, who had Just worked out an exclusive agreement to buy Wichita, received a call from Washout’s CEO saying they had Just â€Å"cut a new deal† with Wells Fargo. Wells Farads offer was $7/share versus the $1 Citreous had offered. The matchmaker was the IBID. They first worked the deal with Citreous but later reworked a new deal with Wells Fargo. Even more interesting was new legislation that was being approved to let a profitable bank buy another bank and use its Net Operating Loss immediately. This, at the time, really only worked for Wells Fargo and is one of the reasons it could offer more. 1 . If you were on Agitprop’s board and heard there was a new deal with Wells Fargo, what would you do? 2. If you were on Washout’s board, how would you handle the two opportunities? 3. If you were Wells Fargo, after the favorable tax law change, what would you do? 4. Evaluate what the IBID did by, in essence, brokering to both. Www. Lengthener. M 7 5. Key takeaways: Interestingly, we had one of Washout’s negotiators in the room so he gave us some great insights: Citreous was going to â€Å"cherry-pick† Washout’s assets and Wells Fargo was going to buy all. Citreous was not a cultural fit so chances that this would have worked were slim at best. Plus, Citreous did not know retail like Wells Fargo. Wic hita believes Wells Fargo has been a â€Å"perfect fit. † The IBID Chair, Sheila Pair, brokered the deal first with Citreous and then, during the due diligence period, was working on a better deal with Wells Fargo. From a legal perspective: How to cite Making corporate boards more effective, Papers

Effects of Leadership and Management

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Leadership and Management. Answer: Introduction: Leadership is a quality aspect, which has various facets to it. There exist different types or styles of leadership in the business world and it depends on which style suits best for a particular organization. Since the quality of leadership varies from person to person, multiple styles coexist in an organization, where a lot of hierarchy is involved. The outline of this study is to talk about the leadership style of Bill Gates, the founder and non-executive chairman of Microsoft, more than one leadership style compliments his personality (Rothaermel, 2015). Since most of the times leadership varies depending on the situation one handles, Bill Gates was such a kind of leader. Gates exhibits both an authoritarian and democratic style in the sense that he preferred to maintain a total control on the entire functioning of his organization, which he built from scratch and incorporated it in the year 1981 (Schwalbe, 2015). He wanted his employees to be innovative and creative and present their ideas to him before the same would get implemented for attaining the objectives of the company. According to several of his contemporary leaders, the success of Microsoft would not have been possible if Gates only resorted to his authoritarian style of functioning, as Microsoft owes its success and fruit to its multifaceted ideas and opinions of its employees. The managerial style and leadership style of Bill Gates was complementary to each other since both of his styles merged with ease while steering the organization to the pinnacle of success. His managerial style reflected his authoritarian approach, whereas his leadership style exhibited a more employee friendly approach or an accommodative one. Since emotional quotient plays a vital role in shaping the qualities of a leader, Gates was no exception. It was his emotional intelligence which helped him grow his company from an idea to a worldwide success component of daily use. Leadership analogy: Microsoft owes its stupendous success to its highly successful and visionary leader in Bill Gates. Since he started writing programming codes from a very young age of 13 years, his penchant for the same propelled him into excelling into it in the future to come. After he founded Microsoft in1975, he decided to make it big as he went along the way acquiring several companies which had talented programmers at that time (Burke Barron, 2014). It led to a significant breakthrough in the world of computing technology, when companies and governments started to realize that in order to make it big and stay afloat in the highly competitive market, then they have to embrace new and better technological offerings. Leadership style and characteristics: He constantly pursued what he liked and loved and strived to develop his ideas into reality and make the world a better place with the help of incorporating simpler and faster technology. His philosophy was to love the work that is interesting. According to his approach, money should not act as the sole motivator in working out a task but the important part of loving the work, whether the same generates any sort of interest was more crucial in determining the outcome of the performed task. He knew very well from the beginning that if he had to achieve the bigger thing, then he has to make sure that all his preliminary ideas and thoughts should be nourished properly by working day and night, setting his target customers in order to sell his product and service (Chhokar, Brodbeck House, 2013). He put his passion and dedication to realize his broader goals. The following are some of the characteristics of the authoritarian leadership style: Makes decision with less participation from subordinates Takes independent decisions based on set policies Directly supervises its group heads On the other hand, Gates leadership strategy also reflected another side of the coin-the participative or the collaborative approach. After Microsoft gradually started establishing its footprint across the globe through its numerous product innovations, he realized that to achieve success and maintain the same, then he had to tweak his commanding strategy a bit in order to flourish amid stiff competition from new players in the market. He developed a more collaborative approach towards his employees by permitting them to think on their feet and present their ideas and objections to the table, which acted as a self motivation for them too. It affected the company to a great extent. There could be several effects of an authoritarian style of leadership. Initially, when Microsoft was founded, Gates along with his friend and colleague Paul Allen steered the company through a number of innovations (Homer, 2014). When the company gradually grew into a substantial size, the effects of his autocratic leadership style started taking shape in the form of decision making and delegation of tasks. Competitiveness of Microsoft lay in its first mover advantage among its peers, who after them started taking shape in this technical field. Since there existed lesser number of competitors at that point of time, the number of challenges faced by Microsoft was not too high. After it gradually started developing new codes for business development in developed nations, there was huge prospect staring in front of the company to go big across the globe. The said style was competitive enough in bringing success to the organization as Gates with his ability to foresee the future, its needs and aspirations was well ahead of its time. He implemented his own ideas into reality, putting to test the viability of those very ideas to gauge the future potential of the same, and upgrade those solutions to better suit according to the specific needs of its clients. In the backdrop of tremendous success in developed nations, Gates charted his new territory by tasting the waters of emerging and developing nations, where scope for improvement were huge in its own sense (Higgs Dulewicz, 2016). It had its share of effects on the functioning of the company too. His imagination and foresight succeeded in bringing lot of laurels for the company as he greatly emphasized his ow n ideas upon his subordinates to fulfill their share of responsibilities. His vision became the vision of his employees and group heads. Quick decision making ability was the order of the day as Microsoft needed to adapt in a fast and efficient manner to the ever changing climate of global corporate requirements. He could take swift decisions in order to stay ahead of the competition and deliver the desired results in a time bound fashion. Management oversight and keeping a close watch on the employees of the company are the hallmarks of the autocratic approach. Since the employees used to be under constant watch and oversight of the management, development of a cohesive atmosphere became evident through the years. It was easy to take any corrective action and thereby maintain the quality aspect of its deliverables by eliminating waste components. Work gets more streamlined by incorporating a one man policy as less filtering of information takes place. Due to absence of too much hierarchy in the organization, decision making becomes much more efficient after identifying the malfunctions in the process workflow. For example, if too much money gets allocated to a particular department, then some alternative method can be thought of to thwart any unnecessary spending. Microsoft adopted this approach to a great extent before it developed certain mandatory chain of commands, as the company expanded its operations far and wide. Coupled with the authoritarian approach, Bill exhibited a collaborative approach while making decisive strategies (Gottschalk, 2016). Following and mixing a collaborative strategy works well for a company like Microsoft which is constantly in innovation and development mode. Division of labour is made possible through this approach and Microsoft also applied this method as it had to handle a large number of employees. Since a large task can be better performed through delegation of respective responsibilities among a certain number of persons, each person becomes more responsible in completing their task. The company established several chain of commands, delegated certain responsibilities based on product development, area of operations and streamlined the entire structure, so that effective decisions can be taken without any need for a repeated recourse to the head of the organization. Since different persons have different abilities with respect to their thought process and implementation strategies, germination of new ideas takes place on a random basis, thereby helping the company implement the best solution available. Creativity and leadership skills of the employees increase as more and more ideas get generated through collaboration with each other (Brundrett Rhodes, 2013). Leadership and managerial skills: Apparently both managerial and leadership skills connote similar interpretations, but there are subtle differences. Managerial skill can be classified as under: Working within a boundary Resource control Goal reach Method and accomplishment of work Reason and logical intuition Decision based on past experiences Data accumulation before decision Performance measurement against goal setting On the other hand, leading can be classified as under: Stretching the boundary Inspiring others Creating future vision Doing a task at any cost The task of a manager is set within a specified boundary, within which he/she has to formulate goals and objectives of the organization. The vision of Gates was to set his goals and objectives in such a manner, that it compounds its outcome stepwise and propel it to another level. Resources are the backbone of any organization. Since resources can be categorized into several forms-be it materials, labour, capital and others, proper allocation of them is critical in determining the success or failure of the organizations objectives. Gates task as a manager was to identify the potential areas for development and then channelize adequate amount of capital to it for producing the requisite number of products and services. Since Microsofts core advantage lay in developing software for both personal and commercial usage, it has had the advantage of producing cutting edge technologies by hiring the right talent and nurturing their potential (Jeston Nelis, 2014). He delivered a masterstroke by packaging both Windows operating system and internet explorer for its users (Cascio Boudreau, 2016). Deputation of right resource to the right requirement calls for good judgmental power and ability to think on the feet. Any imbalance in resource allocation would be the perfec t recipe for disaster but Gates had the right vision as to where the firm should focus on. Before execution of any project, it is imperative for any company to set the right goals and objectives at the beginning of its financial year, so that employees get a clear perspective as to how to go about their work and complete the same in a timely manner. The way to accomplish a given task determines how well the same would be executed on a daily basis, as productivity plays a crucial factor in achieving the desired outcome. Process or methodology of work needs to be smooth enough to avoid any hiccups or obstacles, which is why the objective of the supervisor would be to set the right tone for the same. The task to be completed must be justified with proper reason and rationale as to how the same would be produced and who are the target audiences for the same. In this context, Microsofts target segments were mainly the individual users and corporate houses (Rowley, 2016). For instance, when Gates launched Windows operating system, its primary targets were business entities (Higgs Dulewicz, 2016). His objective was to fill the gap between desire of the masses and fulfilling the same in an efficient manner. In this case, connectivity issue cropped up and this prompted Gates to partner several telecom companies for establishing broadband connection between multiple users so that data and information can be sent and exchanged over email. Based on past experiences and events, Gates decided to venture into new economies through partnership route. This enabled the company to explore and groom different talents from different backgrounds to form an efficient talent pool and counter the emerging challenges from other software development companies (Denning Denning, 2016). Only after all the requisite information is gathered does a prudent and sound decision can be taken, without which the task would be futile in its own self. Proper collation of data is necessary to take the first step in deciding the target segment of its service. How much amount and in what proportion the same needs to be allocated in different departments is crucial for achieving the desired result. Once a task gets completed, its results are compared to the set objectives for gauging the level of performance achieved. Based on this, proper decisions can be taken for broadening the scope for improvement. His policy was to learn from lessons of failure instead of celebrating the success of positives (Burke Barron, 2014). Microsofts policy was to constantly build upon its said objectives and procedures and this is upheld for every department across all regions for expanding its business network. While it can be said both leading and managerial characteristics are two sides of the same coin, the former presents a wider picture of a leader, who leads his team by example in whichever condition a company is into. The main role a leader plays is inculcating a sense of belonging among its employees through inspiring activities of their leader itself. When employees are inspired, they get that much motivated to accomplish a set task with ease and confidence. Through proper vision and commitment, Gates was able to replicate his success philosophy in all parts of the world as technology met the growing need of individual and organizations alike in eliminating and reducing difficulties in completing a work or carrying out a transaction (Johnson, 2014). Since the time Gates set out doing what he wanted to do, he has had a natural affinity of becoming a global leader and be counted as one of the greatest in the 21st century, who transformed the way businesses are conducted nationally or internationally. Emotional intelligence is a vital component of effective leadership and very few possess this quality who formulates strategies which result in success at the end in a continuous manner. Emotional intelligence in effective leadership: Self awareness: When one is self aware, then it becomes very easy in understanding the pulse of the customers with respect to their needs and aspirations. It determines the strengths and weaknesses of a leader (Stoshikj, Kryvinska Strauss, 2014). Self regulation: Leaders who self regulate themselves stand a better chance of inspiring their employees, who in turn becomes focused towards accomplishing their set task. These types of leaders tend to boost the employees morale by encouraging them to place their ideas and thoughts into perspective and perform the task in efficient manner. Flexibility in this context raises the bar for accountability. Gates exhibited this quality when he wanted his employees to develop the Windows platform through encouragement of new ideas from them (Higgs Dulewicz, 2016). Motivation: Leaders who are self motivated tend to solve problems in a much more constructive way compared to ones who lack self motivation. This technique helps in formulating better strategies while countering any bad or ineffective decisions of the company (Cascio Boudreau, 2016). They are able to motivate others in performing their tasks to the best of their abilities. These types of leaders project an optimistic approach while encountering challenges and solving them with determination in their mind. Bill motivated his subordinates to develop a search engine to change the way users search for content (Higgs Dulewicz, 2016). Empathy: Having an empathetic outlook towards the employees puts the leader in an advantageous position in securing the trust and confidence of its workforce. When a leader puts himself/herself in others shoes, then he/she is able to grasp the issues faced by the respective employee much better as compared to leaders who are harsh and too much autocratic in nature. This attitude bodes well for any company and Bill Gates was particularly involved in making product and policy decisions based on this approach, as it helped him in gauging peoples perspectives in a practical manner (McCann, 2015). Social aptitude: Leaders who are gifted with this quality hardly falter in resolving social and community disputes as they are better equipped to handle challenges with emotional intelligence as a tool. It helps in resolving conflicts in a smart and systematic fashion and it is pertinent to mention in this aspect that Microsoft has successfully achieved in breaking ice in several communities where it has entered to bring technological revolution on a large scale. When Gates ventured into India in the early 1990s to revolutionize the way businesses are conducted, he faced certain challenges, which he overcame with his emotional convincing power as to how the same can drastically change the ground level of doing business (Johnson, 2014). Methodology: Since leadership is all about providing the right guidance and path coupled with inspiration and influence, effective leaders have the required attributes while facing any workload related issue, stress, discipline and many others. Maintaining a high quality leader-subordinate relation depends greatly on emotional intelligence aspect (Sultan, 2013). The success of Microsoft is largely attributed to the emotional leadership qualities of its visionary leader Bill Gates. Conclusion: Based on the above deliberations, it can be concluded that leadership has many facets which when realized, produces great results in determining the outcome of an organization. Bill Gates leadership is par excellence with regard to his visionary leadership of his company, which has achieved great success since its inception more than 40 years back. His ability to think on his feet earned him the epithet as the most apt leader of a global multinational of the 21st century. His mixing of managerial and leadership skills has been considered as one of the best in the industry since he possesses the requisite characteristics of a leader of his proportions. Microsofts success lay in its employees ability to innovate new and better solutions not only for its home country but also for the entire mankind across all regions, which have reaped the benefits of its technological prowess. Gates has been able to transcend several barriers with his authoritarian power, wherever and whenever it was r equired and also with his flexible attitude towards his workforce by permitting those to develop newer and better strategies while pushing the horizon of its operations. His emotional attachment with the company helped him uncover the raw potential of human talent in bringing technological changes across all spectrums of communities. Integration of technology with emotional intelligence played a crucial role in establishing Microsoft what it is today. Gates strength and ability in transforming his thoughts and ideas into reality reflected his impeccable and true leadership ability, which helped him establish a true global enterprise, tasked with easing consumers issues and better their lives through technological empowerment. The company achieved unparralled success in its field through constant innovation and proper investment strategies and exploiting the hidden potential of its employees through right delegation of responsibilities and inculcation of creative analysis through a p articipative and collaborative approach in a sound and efficient fashion. Exhibition of a true visionary leader in Bill Gates propelled Microsoft in becoming the largest software development company in the world. References: Brundrett, M., Rhodes, C. (2013).Researching educational leadership and management: Methods and approaches. SAGE. Burke, R., Barron, S. (2014).Project management leadership: building creative teams. John Wiley Sons. Cascio, W. F., Boudreau, J. W. (2016). The search for global competence: From international HR to talent management.Journal of World Business,51(1), 103-114. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Denning, S., Denning, S. (2016). How to make the whole organization Agile.Strategy Leadership,44(4), 10-17. Gottschalk, P. (2016).Investigation and prevention of financial crime: Knowledge management, intelligence strategy and executive leadership. CRC Press. Higgs, M., Dulewicz, V. (2016). Developments in leadership thinking. InLeading with Emotional Intelligence(pp. 75-103). Springer International Publishing. Homer, L. (2014). Formal Development Enhances Learning from Experience at Microsoft.Using Experience to Develop Leadership Talent, 305-330. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Johnson, C. H. (2014). Reflections on leadership.Naval War College Review,67(1), 135-145. McCann, L. (2015). From management to leadership.The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Work and Employment, 167. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Rowley, A. (2016).Leadership therapy: Inside the mind of Microsoft. Springer. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Stoshikj, M., Kryvinska, N., Strauss, C. (2014). Efficient managing of complex programs with project management services.Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management,15(1), 25-38. Sultan, N. (2013). Knowledge management in the age of cloud computing and Web 2.0: Experiencing the power of disruptive innovations.International journal of information management,33(1), 160-165.

The Dead Sea Scrolls Essays (1545 words) - Dead Sea Scrolls, Qumran

The Dead Sea Scrolls THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS Hum. 211 Karen Rank Sunday, October 17, 1999 While pursuing one of his goats into a cave near the Dead Sea in the Jordan Desert, in 1947, a fifteen year old boy by the name of Muhammad adh-Dhib, stumbled on to a great discovery. Inside the cave, he found broken jars that contained scrolls written in a strange language, wrapped in linen cloth and leather.1 This first discovery produced seven scrolls and started an archaeological search that produced thousands of scroll fragments in eleven caves. The Dead Sea is located in Israel and Jordan, east of Jerusalem. The dead sea is very deep, salty, and it's the lowest body of water in the world. Because the dead sea is at such a low elevation, the climate has a high evaporation rate but a very low humidity which helped to preserve the scrolls.2 Archaeologists searched for the dwelling of the people that may have left the scrolls in the caves. The archaeologist excavated a ruin located between the cliffs where the scrolls were found and the dead sea. This ruin is called Qumran. The ruins and the scrolls were dated by the carbon 14 method and found to be from the third century which made them the oldest surviving biblical manuscript by at least 1000 years. Since the first discoveries archaeologists have found over 800 scrolls and scroll fragments in 11 different caves in the surrounding area. In fact, there are about 100,000 fragments found in all. Most of which were written on goat skin and sheep skin. A few were on papyrus, a plant used to make paper, but one scroll was engraved on copper sheeting telling of sixty buried treasure sites.3Because the scrolls containing the directions to the treasures is unable to be fully unrolled, the treasures have not been found yet. In all, the texts of the scrolls were remarkable. They contained unknown psalms, Bible commentary, calendar text, mystical texts, apocalyptic texts, liturgical texts, purity laws , bible stories, and fragments of every book in the Old Testament except that of Esther, including a imaginative paraphrase of the Book of Genesis. Also found were texts, in the original languages, of several books of the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. These texts?none of which was included in the Hebrew canon of the Bible?are Tobit, Sirach, Jubilees, portions of Enoch, and the Testament of Levi, up to this time known only in early Greek, Syriac, Latin, and Ethiopic versions.4 John Trever of the W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, was allowed to investigate the scrolls and was stunned to find that the scrolls closely resemble the Nash Papyrus, the once known oldest fragment of the Hebrew Bible dated at or around 150 BC. One of the scrolls was a complete copy of the book of the prophet Isaiah. Trever also examined three other scrolls; the Manual of Discipline, a commentary on the book of Habbakuk, and one called the Genesis Apocryphon. Trever took photographs of the texts to William Foxwell Albright ; of John Hopkins University in Baltimore, who declared the scrolls dated back to around 100 BC.5 The scroll and fragments found in the Qumran is a library of information that contains books or works written in three different languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Many scholars separated the scrolls into three different categories: Biblical - Books found in the Hebrew Bible. Apocryphal or psuedepigraphical - Works not in some Bibles but included in others. Sectarian - ordinances, biblical commentaries, apocalyptic visions, and sacred works.6 One of the longer text, found in Qumran is the Tehillim or Psalms Scroll. It was found in 1956 in cave 11 and unrolled in 1961. It is a assortment of Psalms, hymns and an indifferent passage about the psalms authored by King David. It is written on sheep skin parchment and it has the thickest surface of any of the scrolls.7 The Manual Of Discipline or Community Rule contains rules, warnings and punishments to violators of the rules of the desert sect called Yahad. It also contains the methods of joining the community, the relations among the members, their way of life , and their beliefs. The sect believed that human nature and all that happens in the world is predestined. The scroll ends with songs of praise of God. The scroll was found in cave 4 and cave 5 and It was written on parchment. The longest version was found in cave 4.8 The War Rule is commonly

Pro Tips Turning your Blog into a Bestselling Book

Pro Tips Turning your Blog into a Bestselling Book Pro Tips: Turning your Blog into a Book Who needs the traditional press anymore? With the democratization of the web, bloggers and social media users can now reach audiences of thousands - if not millions - of eager eyeballs. And once any writer has that kind of platform, it is only a matter of time before publishers come knocking on their doors. Have a look on Amazon, and you'll find plenty of books written by bloggers on topics ranging from business and finance to personal development and pop culture.Many bloggers have resisted the siren call of publishing. But with hundreds of posts under their belt, most bloggers have cleared the first hurdle that most new authors face: they can write. Not just in the sense of being able to put their thoughts to paper and engage an audience, but also by making a regular habit out of writing. How can bloggers become authors? Check out these tips from top ghostwriters With advice from Vanessa Mickan and Marcia Layton Turner, two professional ghostwriters who have helped countless authors publish their first books, we’re taking a peek behind the curtain to see how and why bloggers can (and should) make the leap into the world of publishing.The best reasons for writing a book Old school 💠ªÃ°Å¸â€™ ª 3 years ago and still going !! You ladies are my motivation everyday 💛 Thankyou for all you do. Australian personal trainer Kayla Itsines is practically a cottage industry of feel-good fitness thanks to the inspirational messages, pictures, and workout suggestions  she regularly posts. Leveraging a  massive online following (6 million and counting), she has released a lucrative workout app and self-published an ebook called  The Bikini Body Training Guide. What do @TuckerMax @kayla_itsines and @tferriss all have in common? 5. Tim Ferriss Talk about an immersion course! If you want to learn how to become an author, there are few better ways than working with someone who has substantial experience of writing successful books. Think of it as a turbo-charged internship that you happen to be paying for 😉 If you want to learn how to WRITE a great book, here's why you should consider hiring a ghostwriter. 6. Ghostwriters are publishing insiders Ghostwriters come from many backgrounds, but the best ones have plenty of experience in the publishing industry - often as acquisition editors. They can help you understand whether you should self-publish or pursue  traditional publishers. If you decide to go for the latter, they can help you through the process of pitching to editors. It’s not uncommon for ghostwriters to work on  book proposals: creating a pitch document that lays out your book’s content on a chapter-by-chapter basis as well as demonstrating why you are the perfect person to author a book on your subject. Once they’ve put together your proposal, they can even help you identify the right publishers to send it to.Intrigued by the idea of working with a professional on your book? Find out more about choosing a ghostwriter with  this step-by-step guide or by reading  this article from the world’s most successful ghost.Have you considered making the jump from blogger to author? What do you see as your biggest incentives and obstacles? Feel free to share your thoughts, questions, or strong disagreements in the comments below.

Italian Interrogatives (Pronomi Interrogativi)

Italian Interrogatives (Pronomi Interrogativi) In the Italian language, questions beginning with an interrogative word, the subject is usually placed at the end of the sentence. Quando guarda la TV Michele?  (When does Michael watch TV?) Prepositions such as  a, di, con,  and  per  always precede the interrogative  chi. In Italian, a question never ends with a preposition. A chi scrivono?  (To whom are they writing?)Di chi à ¨ questa chiave?  (Whose key is this?)Con chi uscite stasera?  (Who(m) are you going out with tonight?) Che  and  cosa  are abbreviated forms of  che cosa. The forms are interchangeable. Che cosa bevi?  (What are you drinking?)Che dici?  (What are you saying?)Cosa fanno i bambini?  (What are the children doing?) As with all adjectives, the interrogative adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify, except for  che, which is invariable. Quali parole ricordi?  (Which words do you remember?)Che libri leggi?  (What books do you read?)Quante ragazze vengono?  (How many girls are coming?) Che cos’à ¨...?  (Che cosa à ¨, cos’à ¨) expresses English  What is...?  in a request for a definition or an explanation. Che cos’à ¨ la semiotica?  (What is semiotics?) Qual à ¨ expresses  What is...?  when the answer involves a choice, or when one requests information such as a name, telephone number, or address. Qual à ¨ la tua materia preferita?  (What’s your favorite subject?)Qual à ¨ il numero di Roberto?  (What is Roberto’s number?) Interrogative Pronouns CHI? Who? Whom? Chi sei? CHE COSA? What? Cosa dici? QUALE? Which (one/s)? Quale giornale vuoi? Interrogative Adjectives CHE? (inv.) What? What kind of? Che macchina ha? QUALE? (pl. QUALI) Which? Quali libri leggete? QUANTO/A/I/E? How much? How many? Quanta pazienza avete? Interrogative Adverbs COME + È?*(inv.) How? Come sta Giancarlo? DOVE + È?* Where? Dov’à ¨ la biblioteca? PERCHÉ? Why? Perchà © non dormono? QUANDO? When? Quando parte Pietro? *Come à ¨ Com’à ¨*Dove à ¨ Dov’à ¨

Corruption and Multi-National Corporations Essay

Corruption and Multi-National Corporations - Essay Example Legally, facilitation payment is not allowed in the United Kingdom. However, it is allowed legally to certain extent in the United States (Special Cases, 2009). The issue of facilitation payment becomes specially challenging when doing business with a foreign country. The laws in a different country may or may not be similar to those your own country. Hence, this issue has to be studied clearly and carefully before deciding on its legal implications. Multi-national corporations operate in different countries all over the world. So it is not possible for them to work under one set of rules. Their memorandum of association must tally with the laws and customs of the host countries. They also have to do business with customers in the host countries as well as overseas. This makes the situation of facilitation payments more complicated if flexibility is not maintained (Special Cases, 2009). Research show that majority of multi-nationals have indulged in facilitation payments although they same majority would prefer not to make these payments. This is a catch-22 situation with the giver and taker harboring guilty conscience and yet performing the act in the larger interest of business (Gordon, Kathryn and Miyake, Maiko; 2001, p3) "Bribes can come in all sizes. ... ch-22 situation with the giver and taker harboring guilty conscience and yet performing the act in the larger interest of business (Gordon, Kathryn and Miyake, Maiko; 2001, p3) "Bribes can come in all sizes. The media likes to highlight the more flagrant examples, but the smaller, everyday forms often go undetected. In the past, governments have overlooked facilitation payments. Western lawmakers assumed that such payments were simply unavoidable, a necessary part of doing business abroad" (Wrage, Alexandra; 2009). Nonetheless, the issue does not stop at that. Time and again, facilitation payments have reached the courts and resulted in destabilizing outcomes. Daewoo is an example of a major multi-national firm collapsing owing to financial irregularities (Daewoo corruption scandal deepens, 2001). However, facilitation payments continue to be made the world over. How do these payments reflect in the eyes of the law Morally, facilitation payments, whether big or small, are wrong. But these payments are given and received in different and ambiguous ways and bypass the law. They may simply be given under the nomenclature of a gift or in the form of entertainment. International businesses have accepted it as a necessary evil. And it does appear that it is prospected to stay this way for a very long time to come (D'Ascenzo, Michael; 2008). By and large, in most countries, facilitation payments are tolerated if the sum involved is small. Nobody is inclined to run to the courts on small amounts spent on getting business. However, it is large facilitation amounts that can cause trouble. Large amounts not only cause legal hassles, they can even destabilize the concerned corporation. It is not healthy for large corporations to be paying out large facilitation amounts as these

Management Assignment(LAW) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Assignment(LAW) - Essay Example Charles Fried stated that persons entering into a contract are morally bound to keep it.*4 Therefore, a contract is equivalent to a written promise to deliver a service or goods in exchange for some consideration and fairness in transactions is the goal sought to be achieved in contract law. Traditional notions of laissez faire have been eschewed in modern contract law. In interpreting contracts and determining their validity, the courts have demonstrated that it is not the meaning a person actually intended to convey but what a reasonable person would have construed it as, which is referred to as the process of â€Å"objective interpretation.*5 In order that a contract be deemed valid, the parties to the contract must be clearly specified and the terms upon which the parties agree to conduct business must also be clearly laid out. In the case of Intel’s suppliers, the contract would therefore exist between Intel and the suppliers, since the engineers are in effect, acting on behalf of Intel and not as independent agents. This would however qualify as a bilateral contract since it involves the two parties: Intel via its engineers and the suppliers. In purchasing their supplies, the engineers functioning as Intel’s agents will be deemed to have made an offer for purchase of goods*6, which will not however be enforceable unless the suppliers have agreed and indicated their agreement through a written contract. An offer which is not communicated to the offerree will be deemed to be invalid or ineffective.*7 Therefore, assuming that Intel’s engineers have communicated their offer to the suppliers and there is a counter proposal made by the supplier in regard to the purchase price of the goods, this will be deemed to negate the original offer.*8 It is then up to the offerer to either agree with the counter proposal and indicate

Food Inc. Essay Example for Free

Food Inc. Essay 1. Incorporation (Inc. ) means to form a legal association of individuals, created by law or under the authority of law, with a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and with powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members. Therefore, Food Inc. implies that food system of the modern day has become more of a combination of monopolized businesses, whom only care about their profits, rather than the farmers from the obsolete agricultural system. 2. Walking through a supermarket many food items are plastered with images of farms and pastures creating a facade to the true factory farming that’s occurring in today’s society. These images are creating a pastoral fantasy of the agrarian America of the 1930’s. 3. Using Monsanto’s soy beans for this timeline all seeds begin in a lab. Seeds are genetically altered (GMOs). They are then sold to farmers who have a contract with the Monsanto Company. Then they harvested in large amounts and shipped out to be processed, but some of the beans are used a feed for cattle and other livestock. At the factory they are packaged, and are shipped out to local supermarkets for national consumption. 4. The McDonald brothers revolutionized the fast food industry. They â€Å"brought the factory system to the kitchen. † Increasing profit, while decreasing costs, and with this came an increase in the unhealthiness of food by focusing on the three things humans’ desire most: sugar, fat, and salt. 5. Factory farming is the precise systematic farming of livestock in a factory setting an example being chickens. Today, chickens are often raised in huge metal buildings with no access to light or fresh air, confined together with thousands of birds in one building, and made to grow so quickly that often their bones cannot keep up and they can lose their ability to walk. 6. In Food Inc. the phrase â€Å"growing chickens† creates a negative connotation. It would seem that the process that’s usually referred to as raising chickens has become so systematic that there is no longer a personal connection between the farmer, and his chickens. They become property, which are only used for financial profit. 7. With all the diversity found in the supermarket, one would think there are hundreds of different companies that provide the different foods. Truthfully, about eighty percent of all products in the supermarket are produced, and distributed by four major companies. This creates an illusion of diversity which, unfortunately, most consumers are unaware of. 8. Monsanto Company, Tyson Foods, Smithfield Foods, and Perdue Farms were all asked to be interviewed for Food Inc. and all declined the opportunity. Declining the opportunity to explain their motives give many a reason for doubt. Showing they have secrets or motives that would not be explainable without legal confrontations. 9. Environmental contamination is a major result of the newly developed farming system. Manure mixed with run-off water can contaminate surrounding vegetable farms causing Salmonella and E. coli contamination in plants such as spinach and lettuce. In South America, a major beef producer, deforestation has become a huge problem which is created by companies trying to make space for factory farms. This deforestation causes the displacement of animals and ecosystems. Smoke produced by factories can lead to smog, and air pollution in concentrated amounts. 10. Not only does the modern food system have a negative effect on the environment it harms humans as well. With animal feed being treated with antibiotics any bacteria present has a chance to become immune. This bacteria can then be acquired by consumption of raw meat, and with it being immune to some antibiotics, it will cause an increase the difficulty of treatment, and may result in death. With the food system being based so highly on the consumption of fat, salt, and sugar, a major concern for humans is heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. Type two diabetes, acquired diabetes, used to only be contracted in adulthood, but now its arising as early as age seven. 11. There is a direct relationship between food and health. The major goal of the new industrial agricultural system is to grow everything faster, fatter, and bigger. We’ve grown right along with the companies who own these farms. Michael Pollan evaluates the problem by comparing it to the past: â€Å"Over the course of human history, we were struggling to make sure we had enough food and enough calories for a sizable percentage of the human race. Now the problem is too many calories. † 12. GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. Companies such as Tyson may use GMOs to produce more efficient and more profitable livestock. GMOs should be clearly labeled when present in food. Although not all GMOs are harmful, a customer should be privileged to know what their food contains. Labeling the presence of a GMO may also prevent a lawsuit against the major corporations if anything was to happen. 13. The documentary Food Inc. , being very factual, used many different sources to acquire all the information needed. Sources such as first-hand accounts on what occur, hidden cameras, accredited websites, other documentaries, classical farmers, award winning authors familiar with the topic, and many well educated informants. 14. Food Inc. is sectioned into chapters. Each chapter pulls the veil away from the consumers eyes on somewhat different, but connected topics: fast food, food contents, food safety, right to healthy food, meat industry, chicken industry, major companies, lives lost, and what consumers can do to change the system. 15. Being a documentary the main purpose of Food Inc.is to educate people on the problems of food production, and to persuade consumers to make healthier food choices. It may also be trying to inspire change in the everyday persons eating habits. 16. Food Inc. is directed towards middle class citizens who shop at the supermarket without really knowing what they are eating. 17. The strategies used throughout Food Inc. covered a wide range of tactics. Rhetorical questions, hidden camera footage, creditable statistics, personal anecdotes, music, religion, and the most heart wrenching strategy used was on location filming of the factory farms. 18. Food Inc. had a very informative, and cautious tone. There were many facts, and just as many warnings. 19. An interesting revelation made in the duration of Food Inc. is how naive people can ben to their surroundings. Maria Gonzalez believed that â€Å"everything was healthy† which justified her family visiting Burger King for almost every meal. It would be understandable to know that she couldn’t afford anything healthier, but to not know that the food she was consuming was unhealthy, it just shows how manipulative large corporations can be.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Courage and Homosexual Desires :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

Essays - Courage and Homosexual Desires    Persons with homosexual desires have always been with us, however up to recent times, there has been little if any outreach in the way of support groups or information.  Ã‚   Most were left to work out their path to chastity on their own.   Many found they were unable to do this and folded to the pressures of the increasingly secular society opting to act on their desires in gay circles.   Choosing this direction locked them into a way of life that does not bring benefit to one's existence.    His Eminence Terence Cooke of New York, became aware of this difficult situation and in November of 1978 decided to form a spiritual support system which would assist men and women with same-sex attractions in living chaste lives. Knowing of Fr. John Harvey's extensive ministry experience in this field, he invited him to come to his archdiocese. With the help of the Rev. Benedict Groeschel, C.F.R., (see photo) and others, Fr. Harvey began the Courage Apostolate with its first meeting meeting in September, 1980 at the Shrine of Mother Seton in South Ferry.    With the endorsement of the Holy See, Courage now with more than 95 Chapters worldwide,   over 500 persons participating in its ListServs and hundreds of persons per day receiving assistance from the main office and website,   has become a mainstream Catholic Apostolate helping thousands of men and women find peace through fellowship, prayer and commitment toward understanding and following church teaching. The Courage main office operates through the prayerful and financial support of the Archdiocese of New York as well as contributions and volunteer work from Courage members and others committed to advancing its efforts. Individual chapters throughout the world are self supporting and have the approval of their local Archdiocese.    In helping individuals gain a greater understanding and appreciation for the church's teachings, Courage extends the Church's invitation to experience the freedom of chaste living.   In chaste living, one finds greater freedom, peace and grace to grow more deeply spiritually and maturely in Christ.    The September 11th terrorists' attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon has altered our perspective of the world in which we dwell. A nineteen year old Courage member told Fr. Harvey how she desires to reach out to everyone in these days of mourning. In doing so, she found her friends so open.

A Country Doctor A Story By Franz Kafka History Essay

/A state physician is a narrative by Franz Kafka implying challenges and defeats a state physician had to confront in an effort to salvage the wellness of a patient stat mis off.He starts out on a journey to procure the wellness of an indisposed patient but it was n't a smooth seafaring.He had to lift above every challenge that came his manner. The physician was ready for his journey that seemed long and boring, and in his company was a pretty miss ( his retainer miss ) with whom they had to go.The physician had to get in clip at his finish at least to salvage the state of affairs at manus but the ways and agencies of making his finish proved futile. His ain Equus caballus had died the old dark, and the servant miss had to run all round the small town availing all the resources but all was in vain. No 1 in the small town was willing to impart a Equus caballus at that clip of the twenty-four hours and for such a long and boring journey.The physician was frustrated at the bend of events, he merely stood at that place open, gazing in to the empty infinite unable to travel as snow gathered upon him doing him weak.He did n't give up yet for he knew ever there would be light at the terminal of the tunnel.The servant miss ( Rose ) was there standing at the gateway beckoning a lantern.He strode through the tribunal pace once more, but he could n't see any manner out of the tribunal ; in defeat and confusion he kicked at the elderly door of the pigpen and the door opened broad.A crisp odor of Equus caballuss me the physicians nose.A dim stable lantern swang from a rope in the room.A adult male stooping on his buttocks appeared with a curious expression on his face.He crawled out of the little room but within a split of a 2nd he was back, with two good reinforced Equus caballuss.The physician ordered the servant miss to impart a manus to the adult male and she did with harness. Everything seemed ready and everyone was ready for the long journey.The groom insisted on driving the remainder but his determination was turned down by the physician claiming the groom was a alien and they had hardly known each other, allow entirely non cognizing the terrain. A crisp statement emerged between the state physician and the groom.The groom had to retreat himself out of the journey and insisted to remain behind with physicians servant miss.What a blow to the state physician. He had to cover with this challenge and besides get down on his journey that seemed inevitable.Although the physician was frustrated but he came to believe of it.The adult male was a alien who came in to the physicians life and offered a shoulder to tilt on when everyone else had failed him. How was he to go forth behind his servant miss with the alien? The groom clapped his custodies a mark of going to the gig, and so it was, they left in a lightening velocity. The physician arrived at his patients farmyard late that dark when the Moon was high above the sky. He met a instead baffled household members whose faces glittered with hope at the sight of the state physician. The sort of response the physician received sent some message that he was late for his assignment. The whole small town had cast their hopes on the state physician to salvage their ailing boy, whose wellness seemed to acquire worse twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the air was stuffy although the physician went directly and examined his patient. The patient was weak and his wellness unpromising- but he wrapped his weaponries round the physician ‘s cervix, as a mark of licking by the hurting. The physician had one challenge in head, that he was to safe the wellness of the patient no affair what for the whole household had pressed trust on him. But believing of Rose and how he was to deliver her from the custodies of the alien made him ill, how could he salvage her and yet he was stat mis off? He thought he had better gone back and salvage his servant miss from the custodies of the groomed alien. The Equus caballuss looked set for the return journey but the physician had allowed the patient ‘s sister to take away his fur coat, intending he was get downing to present his services to the patient. An old adult male from he household handed over a glass of rum to the physician and patted him on the shoulder, as a mark of friendly relationship and hopes that all was traveling to be good with the patient but the physician was non amused by the act, alternatively he felt defeated and defeated. This meant the whole household expected nil less than the best from him, what a challenge it was he was the territory physician and ever delivered his services to a point he realized it was beyond the bound but still he was underpaid. Rose was still in his head non to reference of the patient who was in a serious status every bit good. His Equus caballus had died last dark but no 1 was at that place to portion his torment. He was frustrated. The size of the lesion on the right side of the physician ‘s patient and the status of the patient startled the physician, he knew the male child was non traveling to retrieve shortly or subsequently but still he had to reconstruct hopes in the faces of the male child ‘s household who stood around the patient ‘s bed this meant the physician experience that much was expected from him even though the patient ‘s position was non traveling to better the male child demanded a re-assurance from the physician that he would be good and up on his pess. The whole small town had lost religion in the physician due to the long hours he had spent on their patient and nil was forthcoming they came in great figure and stripped the physician ‘s apparels for the cheapjack work the physician had done. The physician was frustrated by this undignified act the villagers ‘ and counterpart who had ab initio lost religion and assurance in him as if this was non adequate le tdown ; the physicians made him put following to his patient stripped off. This was a challenge to he sophisticate for the physician had to lift above by happening a manner out he had to lure his patient by sweet words, words of hope that all would be good with him and shortly he would be up and about, the patient succumbed to the physician ‘s sweet words and genuinely believed he would retrieve in a fortnight holding played his cards right the physician rapidly collected his properties and off he went on a return journey where he could deliver the life of his servant girl- Rose- from the custodies of a groom alien The whole narrative state physician might be considered a incubus for a figure of grounds ; before he embarks on his journey, the state physician had to cover with quite a figure of challenges that came his manner. His Equus caballus had died the old dark and the villagers were non willing to take him any of although the servant miss had gone round the small town looking for one in vain this seemed to be a nightmare owing to the fact that his journey demanded pressing handiness of resources, when the physicians looks like he is saved by the groom who willingly gives him a brace of Equus caballuss still much is expected from the physician by the groom i.e. He had to give out his servant miss to the groom for the good workss he had done, traveling his journey without his servant miss was more of a incubus to the physician.The incident at the patients farmyard remained a incubus to the physician.Subject of treachery is good brought out by Frank Kafka.The groom betrays the physician by w orsening to attach to him in his journey stat mis off and alternatively remained behind with the physicians servant girl.Although he had helped the physician out of his quandaries but treachery was n't a good thing from him.On the other manus the physician seems to be frustrated by being misused by the territory, he is ill paid but expected to put to death his services to a point where he feels its beyond bound.Franz Kafka ridicules the manner relationships are handled in the society, the groom, although he was a alien, he had a clean bosom that saw the physician embark on his journey stat mis off. He plays the nice cat and finally saves the physician.Franz Kafka compares this virtuousness to the undignified character of the villagers.They are so average and excessively demanding ; they expect a batch from the physician yet no 1 was willing to impart a Equus caballus to the physician when he needed 1. This suggests that relationship strings are loose and everyone is separated from t he other, there should be a cohesive relationship within the people that stay together. Depriving the physician off his clothe by the villagers is a symbol of discourtesy from the villagers led by the small town elders.Elders of the small town should be on the fore-front in seeking to learn good ethical motives amongst the villagers ; but alternatively they lead by bad illustration.Moral decay is apparent. Poverty has taken toll of the whole small town in that territory therefore the writer brings out the subject of poorness. Other than the Equus caballuss, no other agencies of conveyance was available for the state physician. He spends a batch of clip availing assorted resources and ends up defeated, he reached his finish safely, thanks to the groom for his kindness.The sort of life style experienced in the small town by the physician is a cogent evidence of poorness the ill room was airless and a danger to the patient.The physician had lost religion in his ain profession by stating he had delivered more than plenty of his services but he was ill paid, this means that he barely met his basic demands. Although the writer concentrated strictly on the subject of treachery but besides had some facets of the subject of rousing.The villagers looked barbarian and lack basic instruction, when the physician nods his caput as a mark of licking, no 1 amongst the villagers could read the marks or state either, if they had known the marks the better.They did n't give the physician ample clip to analyze the patient but alternatively went a caput and humiliated the physician in forepart of the whole small town ; had they known to be patient and take affairs with wisdom and non bitterness. Last the writer brings out misrepresentation as a subject that runs through the narrative. He ( the physician ) is deceived by the groom who subsequently took over his servant miss. The physician besides uses misrepresentation to salvage his ain life from the custodies of the wicked villagers. He deceives his patient and got his manner out of the small town.He besides goes a caput and deceives the whole small town that he could mend the patient although he knew it was a difficult nut to check.

Personal Value Reconciliation

Personal Value Reconciliation Michael Piers March 1, 2010 CMGT 350 I. T. Organization Behavior Mark Paxton The process of changing our thoughts, behavior, values and ethics in a global setting is how we reconcile and as a result, conform to a socially accepted standard. This is often called normative behavior; we act according to the appropriateness of conduct deemed satisfactory to a particular group. The rules of acceptable conduct are dependent on the setting; what is right and wrong or socially acceptable depends greatly on the values of the people (and their respective culture) involved. As a result, the reconciliation of personal values is merely becoming consistent with the actions, thoughts, behavior, values and ethics of our peers, parents, teachers, etc. The intent of this paper is to discuss the aforementioned compliance of personal values as they are adapted to a particular setting. According to the Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, behavioral modeling plays a large role in our learning; the difference between what is or is not accepted is learned through modeling. Much human learning occurs from sitting and watching, or from just happening to notice what someone else is doing. Indeed, more social learning occurs from observing others than from physically or verbally interacting and experiencing positive or negative outcomes. Observation provides information about what may be learned (alternative behaviors, potential consequences, etc. ). When observation occurs under the right circumstances, it can result in immediate changes to learning or performance. Modeling consists of an illustrator and an observer, in which the observer has been influenced by the illustrator. The encyclopedia states that this type of learning has been widely applied, across numerous areas, resulting in learning or performance modification. Therefore, as thinking and reasoning beings, we learn vicariously whether our behaviors are acceptable or not; through written or unspoken consensus, we conform. In 1971, Philip Zimbardo a Stanford University psychology professor conducted a very telling experiment in the basement of the psychology department. According to Zimbardo, â€Å"The purpose was to understand the development of norms and the effects of roles, labels, and social expectations in a simulated prison environment. † What Zimbardo discovered, among other results, was that the students who acted as guards demonstrated (through their assumed roles) a mildly sadistic shift in behavior. Further that the guards exacerbated and encouraged such behavior. In the aforementioned example, the behavior of the guards is likened to mob behavior – a type of herd mentality in which a group acts in unison sometimes losing sight of their understood correctness of behavior. Oxford Psychologist Henri Tajfel coined â€Å"groupness† for â€Å"tendency of various animals, including humans, to form in-groups†¦and to protect their group from outsides and from outside influences. † Often group mentality, in which majority opinion rules, can force compliance through the desire to avoid conflict. As a result, there are numerous examples of failures in judgment because of this mind-set: religious wars, Salem witch trials, the space shuttle disasters, police brutality, etc. According to Tony Robbins, pain and pleasure are the two major motivators that incite people to action. Therefore, to stimulate a desired change, one merely needs to assign more of one motivator than the other. In the preceding circumstance, if the avoidance of conflict outweighs the need to be accepted in a group, then the obvious inclination results in an action avoiding conflict. In a physiological sense, many organisms involuntarily adapt to changes in their environment: the chameleon changes color, plants track the sun across the sky to gain photosynthesis efficiencies and many creatures living within the various ecosystems on earth modify their behaviors as a survival technique. As humans, the means to a compatible coexistence is our ability to adapt. This ability or trait provides for the success of humans in a group setting. We reconcile our values and ethics as a survival technique. We model others, learning vicariously, act as a herd following or succumbing to consensus, and are guided by fear. In religion we are taught to obey the rules or suffer the damnation. Therefore, we learn to adapt or become an outcast to society. ? Works Cited Behavioral Modeling. (2004). In The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/wileypsych/behavioral_modeling Gonzales, L. (2008, October). Mob Mentality. National Geographic Adventure, p. 28. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT. (2007). In Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/willandpp/stanford_prison_experiment

Environmental and Cultural Impact of Bottled Water

Environmental and Cultural Impact of Bottled Water Abstract An entrenched belief in people’s minds that bottled water is superior to tap water has triggered a chain of environmental and cultural challenges to policy makers and environmentalists in conserving the environment and while ensuring quality water for consumers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Environmental and Cultural Impact of Bottled Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problem of disposing water bottles by enforcing policies for responsible waste bottle disposal, alternative forms of producing water bottles that are environmentally friendly and economically viable alternatives to justify the existence of water bottling industries in the society defines the problem statement. Specifically, the approach to solving the problem will span a careful investigation into the effects of bottled water and waste bottles in the environment, through the collection and analysis of primary data, interview ing company executives that bottle water, and analyze methods used to curb environmental pollutions. Inn conclusion, these could result in efficient approaches to waste bottle disposal, provision of clean water in harmony with environmental and cultural environment and effective policy formulation and enforcement. Introduction Many and divergent views have been held over time by consumers of bottled water. Specifically, bottled water consumers have regarded this water as safe and of good quality for consumption. This belief has generated a chain of environmental and cultural concerns for policy makers and enforcers over the production and ineffective disposal methods. The research will focus on the impact and enforcement of disposal policies and environmental pollution, conduct an investigation into various areas, analyze different research methods, analyze research methods and draw conclusions from the study for effective approaches to environmental conservation in harmony with the cultural environment. The research will come up with strategic approaches to enforcing policies for environmental conservation, excellent and alternative methods of bottled water manufacture and better and viable alternatives for fuel saving in the production process. Body Thesis statement: Bottled water has had diverse environmental and cultural impacts spanning policy formulation and enforcement strategies. According to Hall (2007, p. 7), bottled water is a widely consumed product. This is an industry that many companies have strategically invested in. The wide usages of these products have environmental and cultural consequences that need to be addressed.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Goodman (2009, p.3), waste bottles when ineffectively disposed of litter and lead to environmental pollution that in the end become both culturally and environme ntally destructive. This concern and the approaches used to manufacture these bottles is a course for concern to the researcher. In addition to that, the quest to provide quality water and efficient manufacturing processes and policy enforcement strategies will be the basis of the research. The specific audience will span policy makers and law enforcement agencies, environmental conservation groups and agencies, manufacturing and recycling companies, water bottling companies and individual consumers. To effectively formulate and implement policies for environmental conservation, the research will analyze the impact of those policies, analyze the quality of water in these bottles, the extent to which current bottle disposal approaches have polluted the environment, analyze consumer behavior and attitudes, company manufacturing and packaging methods, and critically look at available literature spanning all aspects of culture, the environment, and water consumption (Sharfstein,  2010 , p. 1). Conclusion According to the research proposal, an analysis of the environmental impact of disposing waste water bottles, disposal methods, manufacturing methods, policy formulation and enforcement in the manufacturing methods and use of these bottles, and the quality of water sold out to the consumer formed the backbone of the research. In addition to that, various cultural attachments and consumer attitudes besides the recycling strategies and possible alternatives or efficient recycling methods and efficient fuel usage in the whole process was a vital consideration in the research. Reference List Goodman, S. (2009). Fewer regulations for bottled water than tap, GAO says. Web. Hall, N. (2007). Federal and State Laws Regarding Bottled Water An Overview and Recommendations for Reform. Web.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Environmental and Cultural Impact of Bottled Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sh arfstein. J.M. (2010). â€Å"Regulations of bottled water†. Web.

Orca (Killer Whale - Orcinus orca) Facts

Orca (Killer Whale - Orcinus orca) Facts The killer whale, also known as the orca, is one of the most well-known types of whales. Killer whales are commonly the star attractions at large aquariums and due to these aquariums and movies, may also be known as Shamu or Free Willy. Despite their somewhat derogatory name and large, sharp teeth, fatal interactions between killer whales and humans in the wild have never been reported. (Read more about fatal interactions with captive orcas). Description With their spindle-like shape and beautiful, crisp black and white markings, killer whales are striking and unmistakable. The maximum length of killer whales is 32 feet in males and 27 feet in females. They can weigh up to 11 tons (22,000 pounds). All killer whales have dorsal fins, but the males is larger than females, sometimes reaching 6 feet tall. Like many other Odontocetes, killer whales live in organized family groups, called pods, which range in size from 10-50 whales. Individuals are identified and studied using their natural markings, which include a grayish-white saddle behind the whales dorsal fin. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: CetaceaSuborder: OdontocetiFamily: DelphinidaeGenus: OrcinusSpecies: orca While killer whales were long considered to be one species, there now appear to be many species, or at least subspecies, of killer whales. These species/subspecies differ genetically and also in appearance. Habitat and Distribution According to the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, killer whales are second only to humans as the most widely distributed mammal in the world. Even though they range across temperate areas of the oceans, killer whale populations are more concentrated around Iceland and northern Norway, along the northwestern coast of the U.S. and Canada, in the Antarctic and Canadian Arctic. Feeding Killer whales eat a wide array of prey, including fish, sharks, cephalopods, sea turtles, seabirds (e.g., penguins) and even other marine mammals (e.g., whales, pinnipeds). They have 46-50 cone-shaped teeth that they use to grasp their prey. Killer Whale Residents and Transients The well-studied population of killer whales off the western coast of North America has revealed that there are two separate, isolated populations of killer whales known as residents and transients. Residents prey on fish and move according to the migrations of salmon, and transients prey primarily on marine mammals such as pinnipeds, porpoises, and dolphins, and may even feed on seabirds. Resident and transient killer whale populations are so different that they dont socialize with each other and their DNA is different. Other populations of killer whales are not as well studied, but scientists think that this food specialization might occur in other areas as well. Scientists are now learning more about a third type of killer whale, called offshores, which live in the area from British Columbia, Canada to California, dont interact with resident or transient populations, and are not usually seen inshore. Their food preferences are still being studied. Reproduction Killer whales are sexually mature when they are 10-18 years old. Mating seems to take place throughout the year. The gestation period is 15-18 months, after which a calf about 6-7 feet long is born. Calves weigh about 400 pounds at birth and will nurse for 1-2 years. Females have calves every 2-5 years. In the wild, it is estimated that 43% of calves die within the first 6 months (Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, p.672). Females reproduce until they are about 40 years old. Killer whales are estimated to live between 50-90 years, with females generally living longer than males. Conservation Since 1964, when the first killer whale was captured for display in an aquarium in Vancouver, they have been a popular show animal, a practice that is becoming more controversial. Until the 1970s, killer whales were captured off the western coast of North America, until populations there began to decrease. Subsequently, since the late 1970s, killer whales captured in the wild for aquariums have mostly been taken from Iceland. Today, breeding programs exist in many aquariums and that has lessened the need for wild captures. Killer whales have also been hunted for human consumption or because of their predation on commercially-valuable fish species. They are also threatened by pollution, with the population off British Columbia and Washington state having extremely high levels of PCBs. Sources: American Cetacean Society. 2004. Orca (Killer Whale). (Online). American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet. Accessed February 27, 2010.Kinze, Carl Christian. 2001. Marine Mammals of the North Atlantic. Princeton University Press.Mead, James G. and Joy P. Gould. 2002. Whales and Dolphins In Question. Smithsonian Institution.Perrin, William F., Bernd Wursig and J.G.M. Thewissen. 2002. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.

Q & A Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Q & A - Coursework Example The boy sets out with a desire to fill the world with the music of his flute and his songs. Though his first encounter with the brown eyed girl is in accordance with innocence and his naive perceptions of beauty, it also acquaints him with the inseparable parts of love, pain and longing. For the first time, he encounters the necessity of making a tough choice between following the girl and continuing his journey. This is also his first encounter with the darker emotions of life, although in a milder form. The next part of the story can be interpreted in two ways. Assuming that the old boatman is the boy reminiscing about his past, his encounter with the brown eyed girl is not a single event but a metaphor of all moments of simple, unadulterated joy treasured by him. The memories of the girl are, in comparison with his present situation, used to raise the question of authenticity. His next encounter with the old man can be viewed in two different ways. First, the old man introducing t he then unknown feelings of sadness to the boy and his later desertion of the boat may represent the eternal cycle of life and death where all old forms of life must make place for the new ones. Since the author uses the boat in the river, it denotes the transition of the young man over years.

Go to www.zooniverse.org. and write 200 words on each of FOUR of these Essay

Go to www.zooniverse.org. and write 200 words on each of FOUR of these different sites - Essay Example The site explains the procedure to analyze these frequency overlays in a tutorial and provides a detailed database for Kepler findings of exoplanets. The site also provides a detailed account of interference patterns and how they can be identified. Furthermore, weak signals can be identified and put up for more investigation. The experiment involves public for analyzing of this data instead of a computer. These patterns are fun to find and latest projects are always available to look at. Live observations from the Allen Telescope Array are provided as well which makes this experiment extremely interesting for the public. I had fun to read about the procedures and the site gave me some insight into how the signals are analyzed and consequently, processed. The site provides interesting opportunities for us to take part in the hunt for radio signals from exoplanets. 2. Galaxy Zoo Galaxy Zoo simply requires identification of galaxies by participants. The project was launched in 2007 and has changed over time. The team has changed data collection methods over time, however, for the participants the calculations are not necessary and the data is processed separately by the team. The project is very simple as it only involves identifying the shapes of the galaxies. Images are provided by Hubble Space Telescope and Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We need to systematically classify and help the team in identifying galaxies as one of the categories; that is elliptical, spiral, merging or star. The project is very simple and the site presents pictures of galaxies in an interactive player. The design is very intuitive and it guides a participant in few easy steps. These steps involve identifying with shapes and provide some choices to best suit our opinion about the galaxy. The images are of distant galaxies and are at times fuzzy. It is hard to clearly distinguish galaxies, though; some concentration is required to keenly observe the pictures. The best part about the project is the easy connection to discuss the image by others in a detailed forum. Participants can also write about their special observations if any related to the picture that needs special consideration from professionals. Overall, the site provides an interesting experience to look into the shapes and classifications of galaxies and help the team identifying vast database of about 900,000 galaxies. No special knowledge or training is required and it is fairly simple to participate in the project. 3. Planet Hunters The site presents interesting opportunities to participate in analyzing data from Kepler Mission. Kepler measures light from stars precisely and this measurement is presented in the shape of an interactive graph taken over time. A simple tutorial teaches how to analyze these graphs. The light from the star dips when a planet transits in front of the star, therefore, reducing measured brightness by Kepler. These transits can be identified as dips in the graphs as the graph prese nts brightness measured from the star. The graphs are presented in an interactive player with choices for identification in a systematic manner. The data at times has noise and the measurements are occasionally very confusing. Multiple dips can be identified at times; however, some classifications are straight forward with very little noise

American Middle Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Middle Class - Essay Example Progressive ideas saw the transformation of a major sector of the American economy. The presidents who were elected during this period were progressive. Progressive idea was to transform and advance major sectors of America in terms of technology, high level of education, wiping out corruption and revival of infrastructure. This paper seeks to discuss the impact of industrialization on America middle class in the last half of the 19th century (1865-1915). After maintenance of relative stability, people from Caribbean’s, Latin America, and West Indies migrated to America to seek new position and offered their expertise. Moreover, European immigrants offered expertise for agricultural and industrial expansion. Consequently, there was rapid economic growth in all sectors of America economy mostly in the north and the west. This also saw an increase in income of the American middle class. Relative peace was also achieved in the southern part after the defeat and failure of the sec essionist movement. The American middle class had an opportunity to fight corruption as a majority joined the progressive party (McGeehan and Gall 121). Industrialization was of significance to the United States of America. It was generally referred to, as industrial revolution. Industrialization in America was change from homemade production to the technological use of machine and industry dependence. The most important invention in America was the invention of the weaving and spinning machine. Initially, the machine was operated on water but later invention of steam led to its replacement. America’s growth rate improved significantly to same level as its competitors such as Britain. This led to transformation of America from a small economy into a modern urban industrial state. At the same time, there was a significant transformation of American society especially the middle class (Hillstrom and Laurie 111-118). Before the rise of the industrial revolution in America, Brita in was the major producer and supplier of manufactured goods. However, late 19th century and early 20th century saw the emergence of America. In the late 1800’s, America became a major producer and supplier of manufactured goods overcoming Britain. New sources of market were available, hence, easy supply to new areas. More importantly, America is a country endowed with great natural resources. Therefore, America did not rely on any country for supply of raw materials for its industries like other countries that were going through industrial revolution at the period. The major raw materials that existed and still exist in America are coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber, and oil. Coal was significantly used in provision of energy for the industries. Moreover, there was abundant and cheap supply of labor. The period between 1865 and 1900 saw a high migration of people to America especially Europeans, West Indies, Caribbean’s and Latin Americans. High population of immigr ants looking for industrial jobs made labor cheap and hence industries made huge profit. Additionally, this period saw the emergence of America middle class. There was improved income and high amount of wage. Consequently, this provided capital for expansion of America business. This provided a large group of consumers of manufactured goods. The development of new technology ensured that the cost of productivity was low,

How Will Bitcoin Impact Banks and Finance Structures?

How Will Bitcoin Impact Banks and Finance Structures? What is finance, and how does cryptocurrency fit in to our current understanding of it: At the start of the unit, one of the first concepts we were asked to consider was a point that is highly contended – a philosophical question which has never borne more significance than it does today, with the recent emergence and explosive growth of cryptocurrencies. We were asked to consider what finance was, and how it fit into society. Now it would be prudent to ask what finance is, and how cryptocurrencies fit in to our current understanding of it. Let me start to answer this with a brief description of ‘fiat’ currencies, or legal tenders, with no material value or value redeemable for commodities. Historically, the value of a nation’s currency was pegged against a commodity with well-established value, such as gold or silver. This was the case for the majority of currencies up until 1971, when Richard Nixon decoupled the US dollar from gold. Supply and demand determines the value of fiat currency. Governments can control how much is in circulation and control the value of money as well as inflation. One of the biggest downfalls of cryptocurrency according to its critics, is the inability of more tokens to enter circulation when demand is high. The total amount of Bitcoin, is limited by a digital production process analogous to precious metal mining, which can stop its value from being eroded by systematic over-production and debasement as has been the case with numerous fiat currencies historically.18 This inability to react to demand causes sharp volatility in the value of cryptocurrency, making them unreliable stores of value. This has been most evident with the steep spikes in Bitcoin value since the beginning of the year. Conversely, as fiat currencies are not linked to physical reserves, they risk becoming worthless due to  hyperinflation. If people lose faith in a nations paper currency, the money will no longer hold value. Fiat money serves as a good currency if it can handle the roles that an economy needs of its monetary unit: storing value, providing a numerical account and facilitating exchange. Because fiat money is not a scarce or fixed resource like gold, central banks have much greater control over its supply, which gives them the power to manage economic variables such as credit supply, liquidity, interest rates and money velocity. Cryptocurrencies on the other hand do not serve as a currency for one particular nation, and are not controlled by any government body either. Instead they employ what is known as blockchain technology, which is a form of digital ledger that is maintained by all the users of the network. An on-going record of all transactions is kept and added to, each time a new transaction occurs. Despite this however there is an inherently high level of anonymity, given that bitcoin, tezos etc. addresses are not linked directly to any person or entity. This also gives way to several problems for governments which are unable to control inflation or the amount of cryptocurrency in circulation, declaration of earnings and tax, prohibition of trading illegal goods and money laundering. There are several safe-guards in place to ensure against ‘double-spending’ and other fraudulent activities however which are built in to the blockchain technology. Further, as a result of this peer-to-peer network in which cryptocurrencies operate, there is no single point of failure, making it very difficult for the system to collapse.17 What potential effects will the use of cryptocurrency and decentralising of currency have, particularly on banks? The total value of all cryptocurrency in circulation is now  ~$200 billion USD3. Even though this is almost double the value it was in July, it is still trumped by the value of paper USD issued by the U.S. Federal Reserve, which alone amounts to about $1.4 trillion. We are therefore nowhere near the point yet where cryptocurrencies pose a credible threat of supplanting central-bank-issued money. Nonetheless it is worth thinking through some of the implications if something like Bitcoin (which has about a 45% market share of all cryptocurrencies) were to wholly or even partially supplant central bank fiat currency. The agreed protocols that govern Bitcoin, Tezos and other cryptocurrencies, are effectively their monetary policy. In exchange for mining blocks of bitcoins and consuming computing power to verify the legitimacy of transactions, Bitcoin â€Å"miners† get paid in Bitcoin. These rewards increase the supply of Bitcoin, though the increase in Bitcoin money supply is inhibited by the increasing difficulty of verifying transactions. Increasing computational power is required to verify each transaction and mine new blocks to create new Bitcoins, meaning that the total supply of coins is gradually approaching the limit of ~ 21 million coins (currently there are ~16.5 million in circulation). Fiat money has its own protocols that stabilise inflation using interest rates and bond-buying, and the money supply that results from this is generally ignored. With cryptocurrencies however, money supply does not respond to shifts in money demand and with a relatively fixed supply, large fluctuations in value and prices result (in the preceding 11 months the price of bitcoin has soared almost 8 fold5). This some argue, is specifically the reason Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies will not take over2 and makes Bitcoin impractical as a money. Cryptocurrencies however have proven to be a useful alternative to traditional reserve currencies in places with poor monetary policy and weak banks. In Kenya for example, 1 in 3 people own a bitcoin wallet1, while in India, where recently there has been a significant shortage in cash supply, greater numbers of people have converted to the use of bitcoin.4 If a particular country were to adopt Bitcoin to replace its currency, the effects of doing so would likely be felt by others in a knock-on effect. A larger credit cycle in one country would mean larger booms and busts for its trading partners. Foreigners outside the country that adopted the cryptocurrency, may also opt to deposit directly within that country and desert their own country’s banks in doing so – this could affect the flow of capital into and out of a their home country, further amplifying the credit cycle. The latest difficulties with Bitcoin make the prospect of a crypto currency takeover seem fanciful at the moment, but if solutions to these problems were found or a new currency were devised with better protocols, central banks would have to resolve these dilemmas one way or another. Financial history – what can we learn from historical bubbles and is it reasonable to foresee the current growth as sustainable?: An  economic  or  asset bubble,  is trade in an  asset  at a price or price range that strongly exceeds the assets  intrinsic value.  It could also be described as a situation in which asset prices appear to be based on implausible or inconsistent views about the future19. The general consensus among industry professionals, is that the current cryptocurrency market is in an unsustainable phase of bubble growth6,7. There were 30 ICOs each launching new cryptocurrencies in July, then more than 50 in August. Part of this mania is based on speculation. But its also clear that there has been departure from a fundamental assumption of what a cryptocurrency originally was – a scarce digital commodity where the value derived from its scarcity. To be frank, if more than one hundred new sources of this digital commodity have been launched since June, then the concept of scarcity, and therefore the supposed inherent value, begins to erode. In fact, many of these newer cryptocurrencies will need to fail in order to maintain the value and viability of the most widely used currencies, bitcoin and ether. These look to remain viable over the intermediate and perhaps long-term, though not necessarily at the current prices. History has shown us that the majority of cryptocurrencies fail dismally at some point soon after their conception16. Only a select handful have shown consistent growth over the last few years. Bitcoin itself has crashed significantly several times. Even so, though the core blockchain technology left behind others, will provide value as a hidden infrastructure underlying future applications. Though bitcoin has seen astronomical growth over the last year one of the major problems in its use is the extreme volatility in its value. On April 8th 2013 for example, Bitcoin was valued at $215 USD, eight days later this figure dropped to $63 USD then seven months after this its price soared to $1,200 USD. This volatility was in hindsight partly a consequence of strong speculative demand from buyers for a new and unknown technology.   There are however, more fundamental problems that cause the value of Bitcoin to fluctuate. The algorithm that controls supply prevents the amount of Bitcoin from expanding to meet increases in demand. This inelasticity in supply leads to price variations and also encourages speculation and excessive volatility, all of which render it unreliable as a store of value.7 The cryptocurrency market is new and being filled with new currencies almost daily. As competition develops however and with little history, few can value them correctly, forecast which currencies will succeed, and whether they are all part of a larger bubble that will eventually burst. History has shown however that new financial instruments are the authors of financial bubbles – be they options for tulip bulbs in the 1630s, fiat money in the Mississippi bubble of the 1700s, stock in the South Sea bubble, leverage in 1929 or collateralised debt instruments in the credit crunch of 2007, the problem was the world was behind the knowledge curve of the instrument and the power of greed drove the market wild and finally into collapse.8 It would therefore not be unusual to see a similar crash with cryptocurrencies in the near future. Cryptocurrency regulation How is it possible to regulate an online currency based globally?: In short, it isn’t. The whole premise of cryptocurrencies is that they are decentralized and ungoverned by any one government, but rather managed by a peer-to-peer network of users worldwide. The focus has thus shifted to the soundness and legality of investing in them through means such as ICOs and derivatives markets. In the largely unregulated world off cryptocurrencies, one issue remains at the forefront of the attention of regulators such as the SEC (in the U.S.) and ASIC (in Australia), and that is in the nature of ICOs, whether they are seeking genuine donations for the development of software, or whether they are in fact shares in a company or other investment, which contributors hope to redeem at a future date for financial benefit – an illegal and unregulated speculative investment. Initial coin offerings have raised $3.6 billion USD so far this year15 with several currency developers generating vast amount of capital in a matter of hours with little more than a website and a promise of a revolutionary new product. This unchecked source of crowd-funding has been banned by several governments, as other countries’ regulatory bodies such as the SEC and ASIC, have developed their own policies regarding these offerings. On September 4th, China banned investment in ICOs citing breaches of securities laws and â€Å"disruption to economic and financial order†13, and moved to shut down cryptocurrency exchanges also.13 In July, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission required companies to register ICOs in the same fashion as IPOs14. Following this ruling on September 29th, the SEC charged two companies with fraud and selling unregistered securities after running successful ICOs that collected more than $300,000 USD14. Substantial efforts have been made to legitimise cryptocurrency offerings by law firms such as Cooley in New York and others with vested interests in making ICOs work. Cooley attests that it has developed a â€Å"simple agreement for future tokens† (SAFT) framework that will allow token sales to be compliant with US securities laws. This is important given that several major ICOs had excluded US individuals from participating given the then-standing issues with the SEC. If by applying the SAFT framework the SEC is satisfied, then US investors would have access to more ICOs providing a major source of capital to them. The basic premise of the Simple Agreement of Future Tokens (SAFT) is that the cryptotoken fail the Howey test, a measure of whether a financial instrument is in fact a security. In order for tokens to fail the test and not be considered securities, they must be delivered to investors only after a functioning product or service is in place. â€Å"The network and the token must be genuinely useful such that they are actually used on a functional network,† according to Cooley’s framework. To date ICOs have delivered tokens to investors before the launch of the underlying currency, meaning that the only real function tokens could have use for would be in trading in secondary markets, blatantly classifying them as securities.   In the case of Tezos, investors bought into the project hoping that the Tezos platform would be built successfully, and that by owning the tokens, also yet to be created, they would become stakeholders able to shape the final platform. One particular case highlights the blatant regulatory arbitrage which is plain for all to see, and which the founders of Tezos attempted to disguise by consistently referring to their ICO contributions as â€Å"non-refundable donations†, in order to make ambiguous the nature of the security they were offering. Tim Draper, one of the main venture capital backers, when asked by Reuters how much he had donated replied â€Å"You mean how much I bought? A lot.† In Australia, ASIC released a decisive factsheet on ICOs and their position, stipulating that ICOs must be conducted in a manner that â€Å"promotes investor trust and confidence, and complies with the relevant laws†11. ASIC has also warned that the Corporations Act may apply to an ICO depending on the rights that attach to the coin from the ICO itself, rights to underlying coins or rights on tokens used in the ICO. Likewise, ASIC has also made it clear that if an ICO is conducted to fund a company, then the rights attached to the coins issued by the ICO may fall within the definition of a share. Where it appears that an issuer of an ICO is actually making an offer of a share, the issuer will need to prepare a prospectus as for any other IPO11, which will allows investors the safeguard to withdraw their investment before the shares are issued should there be misleading or deceptive information in the prospectus.    Lastly it is worth noting that some ICOs have been described by their initiators as a form of crowd funding. In Australia, ASIC has made a clear distinction between crowd funding using an ICO and crowd-sourced funding (CSF) that has been regulated by the Corporations Act since 29th September 201711. Under the new laws, CSF will be a financial service where start-ups and small businesses raise funds, generally from a large number of investors that invest small amounts of capital. There will be specific rules for conducting CSF with fewer regulatory requirements than ICOs, while maintaining investor protection measures. This is particularly of importance in the case of Tezos, where the developers sought â€Å"donations† to fund the development of their network, a deliberate misrepresentation which would now be both illegal and arguably unethical in Australia. 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